Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

Prison is a place where individuals are physically, confined and detained, and are often deprived of personal liberty. Prisons are contracted to organizations that are part of a country's judicial system and are used as a punishment by a court order for the commission of a crime in order to enforce the imprisonment. Imprisonment is a substitute for imprisonment, including house and electronic imprisonment. These two penalties are always accompanied by electronic surveillance. These two are the emerging military, as explicitly referred to in article 62 of the Islamic Penal Code. It always has positive and negative effects on this type of punishment. Due to its beginnings, it has brought many dissenters and supporters. But the opposing view does not have the ability to oppose the views of the adversaries, and this new system is a new transformation to reach the main goals of punishment, which is reformation and rehabilitation.

The concept of commitment or non-commitment of crime clearly depends on the situation and cost of assessment and the usefulness of the convicted individual. Imprisonment, as the main punishment for criminals, is a major and officially acknowledged cost of crime commitment, and at the same time leads to various social losses and damages, such as losing ones job, social rejection, lower social status, etc. On the other hand, there is a relation between the individuals first and later instances of imprisonment. Moreover, learning specific techniques of re-commitment, making new acquaintances, escaping legal punishments, and the effects of all these depend on various factors such as internal conditions of the prison, its facilities and management, and individual variables. Under the present conditions, there exists a conflict between a criminals attempt to conform to the values and norms dominating the prison, and the advice he receives from ordinary people who try to encourage him to avoid crimes. The conflict remains unresolved unless new techniques are sought to modify the situation.

Offender surveillance during the imprisonment is a fundamental issue, which has been studied extensively in practical criminology in developed countries. Pitfalls and desperation that the penal systems face with when they are unable to explain indicators, tools and symbols for an effective implementation of these tools to empower the system can be an important issue to be studied. Subsequently, the trial and error methods in countries like England and Wales have brought about some suggestions. This research has opted to introduce and share the experiences gained in this field by presenting the solutions like" Criminal-oriented", "Prison-oriented", and a third option that can be a mixture of both on the basis of the legal capacities in the Iran's penal systems. It has also tried to put forth a perfect model to monitor the offenders in the process of the imprisonment. CCTV, group therapy, social workers, and implementing the pseudo-family phenomenon in prisons are among these mechanisms whose effectiveness will be presented as the main finding of this research to be practiced during the offender imprisonment.

In Islam, every person who knowingly abandons one of the obligatory acts or does one of the forbidden acts regarded as sinful and must be punished. To sentence some body to prison is one of the criminal rules in the Islam criminal system for the offenders. There are three types of imprisonment for the offenders: 1-to put in jail is sometimes considered as a penance 2-imprisoning is sometimes considered as a punishment 3-sometime it is neither a penance nor a punishment but it is a precaution act to stop the others form spoiling the rights of the others. This article mainly tries to study the concepts and definitions of penalty, punishment and imprisonment form the perspective of narrative and jurisprudent evidences.

The new perspectives of criminology, penology and criminal sociology, which are based in part on the reformation and treatment of criminals and their social rehabilitation, have affected the criminal law, which has led to stinging the punitive rights and Proof of inefficiency of some types of punishment, including imprisonment. The process of modifying punishable thoughts and reforming the prison system's structure and the use of alternative prisoners are on the agenda, and the Iranian legislator has been devoted about 5% of the articles of (1392) penal code to such punishments. However, it should be determined what factors lead to the use or non-use of punishments? What challenges do judges face to face with the use of these corrective and therapeutic tools? Answering these questions was done by analyzing court verdicts, which was conducted in this research using SPSS analytical software. As a result of this study, it can be said that some types of alternative prison sentences, including daily cash penalty and general utility services, are ineffective, and some variables, including the type of crime, the type of punishment, the criminal record of the accused work, are influential on the type and amount of sentences of imprisonment by judges.

Statement of Problem: Radiography is the most common technique in working length determination, however, because of its limitations is not considered as an ideal technique. Its application, particularly for children due to radiation hazards, technical problems in young and unco-operative children and the superimposition of permanent teeth bud on primary teeth root, lead to numerous problems.Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an electronic apex locator (EAL) in working length determination of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study 96 canals of the extracted primary teeth, with at least 2/3 of the root length remained, were investigated. There were no obstructed canal, previous root canal therapy and perforation of pulp chamber floor. All working lengths were also measured by radiography. The results of Raypex 4 and radiography were compared with actual root canal lengths determined by direct observation. The applied EAL, in this study was called Raypex 4, a new device belonged to the fourth generation (Ratio Type). The results were analyzed by Chi-Square and Pearson correlation statistical tests.Results: The accuracy of Raypex and radiography were 61.5% and 63.5%, respectively. The differences between Reypex 4 root canal length measurements and those of direct observation were not significant (P=0.08), but such difference between radiography and direct observation was statistically significant (P=0.01). The diameter of the apical foramen (the site of canal opening) did not affect on Raypex 4 accuray (P>0.05).Conclusion: Considering the acceptable safetyness, Painlessness, simple and rapid application and an accuracy comparable to that of radiography, the use of Raypex4 EAL for the measurement of primary teeth length is suggested.

The Iranian legislator seeking to avoid harms of imprisonment and prison, through enacting the Islamic Penal Code in 2013, established new criminal concepts and dedicated a chapter to alternatives to imprisonment. But these changes that reflect the legislative criminal policy, alone were not enough, and in order to achieve the result, the judicial criminal policy must also be coordinated with the new legislature's view. For the research to be applicable, the acquired sentences have been analyzed to demonstrate how legislative criminal policy has influenced judicial criminal policy. The findings of this study indicate that Iran's judicial criminal policy in relation to imprisonment's alternatives, currently has a significant bias from legislative criminal policy. Such responses apply only to 6. 5% of all cases which are eligible to receive alternatives of imprisonment. Analyzing the issued sentences demonstrates that some important variables such as the type of crime, age, gender, occupational and marital status of the perpetrators have not been accounted adequately; As such about three quarters of the sentences have allocated to fines alone (87 of 150 sentences). This fact can be attributed, first of all, to the lack of proper understanding of judges about the importance, necessity and goals of alternatives to imprisonment, as well as executive problems and hardware deficiencies.

In line with numerous criticisms concerning the punishment of imprisonment and the attempts which have been made to reduce damages which are caused by this form of punishment, alternatives to imprisonment came into being and developed in different ages and under the influence of ideas of different schools. Although the Iranian legislator has foreseen alternative sanctions under Articles 64-87 of the new Islamic Penal Code of 1392, with the discussion and especially the use of prisoners' views in this regard, the importance of this issue and the need to the extension of it will become more clear. On the other hand, the use of alternative of imprisonment should be extended to the prisoners instead of using prison to control of defendants. This article is descriptive and analytical. It discusses alternatives to imprisonment from the viewpoint of prisoners by questionnaire.The statistical population for this study is female prisoners of three provinces of Zanjan, Qom and Markazi that are 130 persons. These people were either convicted or defendant that their verdict was certain. Whereas this statistical population was limited, all of the prisoners have been questioned. Then, by using of correlation Test and F-test, the variables affecting the use of alternatives to imprisonment has been discussed. The results show that 60 percent of prisoners know that use of alternatives to imprisonment is highly effective in reducing the harmful effects of imprisonment, while there is relationship between use of alternatives to imprisonment in one hand, and the kind of prisoner's crimes, having a past record, and the gap of returns to imprisonment in the other hand. There is no relationship between this variable with the level of education.